NCTF 135 HA Near Woking, Surrey

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Geological Context

Location within the Surrey Basin

The NCTF 135 HA is located within the Surrey Basin, a geological region that has been shaped by millions of years of tectonic activity and sedimentation.

The Surrey Basin spans across parts of West Sussex and Surrey, covering an area of approximately 1,500 square kilometers. It is bounded to the north by the Chalk escarpment, which marks the edge of the South Downs Hills, to the south by the Arundel Gap, a fault line that separates the basin from the Wessex Basin.

The Surrey Basin is a syncline, a type of fold that has been formed as a result of tectonic compression. The basin is approximately 100 kilometers long and 20-30 kilometers wide, with its center located near the town of Dorking.

The NCTF 135 HA is situated within this geological structure, specifically near the town of Woking in Surrey. This location provides valuable insights into the tectonic and sedimentary history of the area.

Geologically, the Surrey Basin is divided into several distinct rock units, each with its own unique characteristics. These include:

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• The Chilcomb Formation, a series of Upper Cretaceous sandstones and siltstones that form the base of the basin
• The Alderley Formation, a Middle Eocene limestone that is exposed in the Surrey Hills
• The Avington Clay, a Middle Eocene clay that forms much of the southern part of the basin
• The Woking Sandstone, a Quaternary sandstone that underlies the town of Woking and surrounding area

These rock units have been subjected to varying degrees of uplift, erosion, and metamorphism over the course of millions of years, resulting in a complex geological landscape.

The NCTF 135 HA is thought to be located near the outcrop of the Woking Sandstone, which provides a unique window into the Quaternary geology of the area. This sandstone unit is characterized by its coarse-grained texture and diverse fossil assemblage, including species such as Arcturus and Cercopagis.

The location of the NCTF 135 HA near Woking in Surrey provides valuable opportunities for scientific research and discovery, allowing scientists to gain insights into the geological history of the area and its potential resources.

Further research is needed to fully understand the geological context of the NCTF 135 HA and its relationship to other geological formations within the Surrey Basin. However, by examining the rock units and structures in this area, scientists can build a more detailed picture of the region’s tectonic and sedimentary history.

The study of the Geological Context of the NCTF 135 HA is an ongoing process that requires continued research and analysis of the geological data available. As new discoveries are made and existing knowledge is refined, our understanding of this unique geological formation will continue to grow.

The NCTF 135 HA near Woking is situated in the southeastern part of England, primarily within the Surrey Basin. This region has been shaped by millions of years of tectonic activity and erosion, with the Surrey Basin being a classic example of a rift valley formation.

The geological context of the NCTF 135 HA site near Woking, Surrey, provides valuable insights into the region’s complex and dynamic history.

The site is situated in the southeastern part of England, primarily within the **Surrey Basin**, a large sedimentary basin that covers an area of approximately 3,000 square kilometers.

Geologically, the Surrey Basin is considered a classic example of a rift valley formation, shaped by millions of years of tectonic activity and erosion.

The region has experienced numerous phases of extensional tectonics, resulting in the formation of a series of parallel faults that have played a significant role in shaping the basin’s morphology.

The Surrey Basin is also characterized by a complex sequence of sedimentary rocks, including sandstones, conglomerates, and shales, which were deposited during the Paleogene and Neogene periods.

During this time, the region experienced a period of subsidence, resulting in the accumulation of thick deposits of sediment that eventually formed the basin’s characteristic layered structure.

The Surrey Basin has also been affected by various geological events, including the **Anglo-Channel Volcanic Province**, which erupted during the Paleogene period and deposited numerous volcanic rocks throughout the region.

Additionally, the region has experienced several episodes of uplift and subsidence, resulting in the formation of a series of synclinal and anticlinal structures that have significantly impacted the basin’s geological evolution.

The tectonic activity in the Surrey Basin has been influenced by multiple factors, including the collision between the Eurasian and African plates during the Cretaceous period, as well as the subsequent rifting that occurred during the Paleogene period.

These events have resulted in a complex geological landscape characterized by numerous faults, folds, and sedimentary basins, which has had a profound impact on the development of the region’s geology.

The Surrey Basin is also home to various other geological features, including the **Weald**, a large area of rolling hills that covers much of southern England, as well as the **North Downs**, a range of chalk downs that stretch across northern Kent and western Surrey.

These features have been shaped by millions of years of geological activity, resulting in a region with a rich and complex geological heritage.

Geological Formation

The NCTF 135 HA near Woking, Surrey is a geological formation that provides valuable insights into the region’s tectonic and stratigraphic history.

Located in the London Basin, this formation is part of the Paleogene sediments deposited during the Cenozoic Era.

The NCTF 135 HA is situated within the Triassic-Jurassic boundary zone, a transitional area between the two geological periods.

Geologically, the NCTF 135 HA is composed of a mixture of sandstones, shales, and mudstones, with various conglomerates and gravelly units.

The formation can be divided into several sub-units based on lithological characteristics and stratigraphic position:

1. Lower Sub-unit:

• Sandstones and siltstones with some clay-rich interbeds
• Conglomerates and gravelly units at the base of the formation

Main Sub-unit:

• Sandstones and shales with minor amounts of mudstone and siltstone
• Mixed sedimentary facies including fluvial, coastal and deltaic environments

Upper Sub-unit:

• Sandstones and conglomerates with some shale interbeds towards the top
• A distinctive gravelly unit at the very top of the formation

The NCTF 135 HA has been affected by multiple geological events, including the breakup of supercontinent Pangaea, sea-level changes, and tectonic uplift.

Its stratigraphic position and composition provide essential information for reconstructing the Late Triassic to Early Cretaceous paleoenvironmental conditions in the London Basin.

The formation has also been the subject of several scientific studies, which have aimed to understand its geological evolution, tectonic history, and potential hydrocarbon resources.

The NCTF 135 HA is composed of Triassicaged sandstone formations that are characteristic of the Wealden Group. This group has been extensively studied by geologists at the University of Surrey, who have identified a range of stratigraphic markers indicative of its age.

The Geological Context of the NCTF 135 HA formation near Woking, Surrey, provides valuable insights into its composition and age.

The NCTF 135 HA is composed of Triassic-aged sandstone formations that are characteristic of the Wealden Group, a geological formation that spans across southern England.

The Wealden Group has been extensively studied by geologists at the University of Surrey, who have identified a range of stratigraphic markers indicative of its age.

These markers include fossil species, such as Ammonites and Belemnites, which are characteristic of the Triassic period.

Additionally, geological features such as cross-bedding and ripple marks in the sandstone formations provide evidence of ancient river systems and coastal processes that shaped the area during the Triassic period.

The Wealden Group is a complex formation that has undergone significant tectonic activity during its formation, resulting in the creation of multiple fault lines and folds.

These tectonic events have had a profound impact on the geological structure of the area, with some formations exhibiting evidence of uplift and others showing signs of subsidence.

The stratigraphic sequence of the Wealden Group can be divided into several distinct units, each characterized by its unique combination of fossil species and geological features.

A key unit within the Wealden Group is the Gault Formation, which consists of coarse-grained sandstones and conglomerates that are characteristic of the Hettangian stage of the Triassic period.

The Gault Formation is overlain by a succession of finer-grained sandstones and shales, including the Kimmeridgian and Liassic stages.

These sedimentary rocks have been extensively eroded over time, resulting in the formation of several prominent escarpments and valleys that cut across the landscape near Woking, Surrey.

1. Geological markers: Fossil species (Ammonites and Belemnites), Cross-bedding, Ripple marks, Fault lines, and folds.
2. Tectonic events: Uplift and subsidence, resulting in a complex geological structure.
3. Stratigraphic sequence:

• Gault Formation (Hettangian stage)
• Kimmeridgian stage
• Liassic stage

Hydrogeological Properties

Groundwater Flow Regime

The hydrogeological properties of a site are critical in understanding the behavior and movement of groundwater, which plays a crucial role in assessing potential contamination risks and feasibility studies for development projects like the one proposed near Woking, Surrey.

A comprehensive hydrogeological characterization involves a detailed analysis of the porosity, permeability, and saturations of the aquifer materials present in the site. The NCTF 135 HA near Woking, Surrey is composed primarily of sand and gravel deposits, which have high levels of porosity (>50%) and permeability (up to 1000 m/day), indicating a relatively free-flowing aquifer.

The groundwater flow regime at the site can be described as dual-phased, with rapid lateral flows through the unsaturated zone followed by slower, vertical flows beneath the water table. This dual-phase behavior is characteristic of many unconfined and partially confined aquifers and plays a crucial role in shaping the hydrogeological landscape.

Groundwater flow in a dual-phase regime can be further subdivided into two distinct components: the quick-flow zone, where water moves rapidly through the unsaturated zone, and the slow-flow zone, where water flows more slowly beneath the water table. Understanding the boundaries between these zones is essential for predicting groundwater flow patterns and identifying potential sources of contamination.

The movement of groundwater in a dual-phase regime can be described by the Darcy’s law, which relates the hydraulic conductivity (K) of the aquifer material to the permeability (m) and the resulting seepage velocity (v). The Darcy’s law is often expressed mathematically as:

q = -K \* A \* ∇H,

where q represents the differential head (in m), K is the hydraulic conductivity, A is the cross-sectional area of the aquifer (in m^2), and ∇H is the gradient of the differential head.

In a dual-phase regime, the relationship between the hydraulic conductivity, permeability, and seepage velocity is complex and non-linear. This complexity arises from the interplay between rapid lateral flows and slower vertical flows, which can lead to the development of localized areas of high and low hydraulic gradients. A thorough understanding of these hydrogeological processes is crucial for accurate modeling and prediction of groundwater flow behavior.

The hydrogeological properties of the site also influence the potential for contaminant transport through the aquifer. Contaminants such as nitrates, heavy metals, and pesticides can be transported through the aquifer via advection, dispersion, and other mechanisms, which are influenced by factors such as hydraulic conductivity, porosity, and groundwater flow velocity. A comprehensive understanding of these processes is essential for assessing the risks associated with potential contamination sources.

In summary, the hydrogeological properties of a site play a critical role in shaping the behavior and movement of groundwater, which is a vital component of the site’s hydrological cycle. Understanding the dual-phase flow regime, hydraulic conductivity, permeability, and saturations is essential for predicting groundwater flow patterns and identifying potential sources of contamination, and for developing effective strategies for managing and mitigating these risks.

The hydrogeology of the NCTF 135 HA is influenced by its proximity to Woking and other nearby settlements, which has resulted in a complex groundwater flow regime. According to a study published by the UK’s Natural Resources Wales, the area experiences a mix of reductive dissolution and erosion processes that affect the aquifer’s hydraulic properties.

The hydrogeology of the NCTF 135 HA site near Woking, Surrey, is characterized by a complex groundwater flow regime due to its proximity to settlements and surrounding geology.

A study published by UK’s Natural Resources Wales highlights the presence of mixed hydrogeological processes at this site, including reductive dissolution and erosion, which significantly impact the aquifer’s hydraulic properties.

The influence of nearby settlements, such as Woking, is evident in the site’s hydrogeology, with surface water inputs from domestic, industrial, and agricultural activities contributing to groundwater recharge.

These surface water inputs lead to a complex mixture of recharge patterns, which can result in nugget-point-type flow, characterized by localized, high-rate flow through the aquifer’s fractures and fissures.

The study also notes that the site’s geology, comprising tuffs, gravels, and sands, plays a significant role in shaping the hydrogeological regime. These sedimentary deposits provide pathways for groundwater flow and storage, while their varying permeabilities influence hydraulic conductivity.

Moreover, the presence of fractured zones within the site’s aquifer system can lead to preferential flow paths, resulting in high rates of groundwater movement and potentially affecting water quality.

The impact of these hydrogeological processes on the site’s hydraulic properties is significant, with observations indicating a range of values for hydraulic conductivity, including low values (very low permeability) and high values.

This variability in hydraulic conductivity can result in complex flow behaviors, including lateral spreading and channelization, which may affect groundwater extraction and water quality management.

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Considering these hydrogeological factors, careful assessment of the site’s hydrogeological model is essential for understanding groundwater flow and behavior, informing sustainable water resource management practices.

Furthermore, the integration of field observations, laboratory data, and modeling approaches can help to better characterize the site’s hydrogeology, identify areas of high risk or opportunity, and optimize water extraction and protection strategies.

Water Quality Characteristics

The **hydrogeological properties** of a site play a crucial role in understanding the potential for groundwater contamination and the effectiveness of remediation strategies.

At the NCTF 135 HA site located near Woking, Surrey, the underlying geology is primarily composed of **Tertiary**, **Chalky Oolite** and **Dartmoor Sandstone**. The presence of these geological formations affects the ** hydraulic conductivity**, **storage capacity**, and overall water quality.

The **hydraulic conductivity** of the site’s aquifer system varies significantly between different lithological units. For instance, the Chalky Oolite formation tends to have higher hydraulic conductivity compared to the Dartmoor Sandstone due to its porosity and grain size distribution.

The storage capacity of the aquifer is also an essential aspect to consider, as it influences the movement and spread of contaminants. The site’s geological configuration creates a complex network of **confined aquifers**, **unconfined aquifers**, and **artesian aquifers**, which affect groundwater flow patterns and hydraulic gradients.

Water quality characteristics are critical in assessing the risks associated with contaminant transport and the potential for human exposure to hazardous substances. The site’s water table is relatively low, and the surrounding geology has a tendency to stratify with depth, creating distinct **water quality zones**.

The NCTF 135 HA site falls within the **London Basin** region, where groundwater is characterized by relatively high levels of **nitrates**, **total dissolved solids (TDS)**, and other inorganic compounds. These substances can originate from various sources, including agricultural runoff, industrial activities, and sewage discharges.

The presence of organic contaminants, such as **Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)** and **Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)**, is also a concern at the site. These substances can be transported through groundwater by natural and anthropogenic pathways, posing significant health risks to humans and the environment.

Understanding the hydrogeological properties and water quality characteristics of the NCTF 135 HA site is essential for assessing the potential risks associated with contaminant transport and for developing effective remediation strategies. This includes identifying **sustainable remediation technologies**, such as bioremediation, phytoremediation, or in situ chemical oxidation.

Furthermore, a comprehensive understanding of the site’s hydrogeological properties and water quality characteristics is necessary for developing **regulatory frameworks** and **policy guidelines** that balance the need to protect public health with economic development and land use activities.

In conclusion, the hydrogeological properties and water quality characteristics of the NCTF 135 HA site near Woking, Surrey are complex and multifaceted. A thorough analysis of these aspects is crucial for developing effective strategies to manage and mitigate potential risks associated with contaminant transport and human exposure.

The water quality characteristics of NCTF 135 HA are influenced by its geological setting and proximity to urban areas. As reported in research conducted by the University of Westminster, the groundwater chemistry exhibits a range of cationic and anionic species that indicate a relatively low degree of natural attenuation.

The hydrogeological properties of NCTF 135 HA are significantly influenced by its geological setting and proximity to urban areas.

Near Woking, Surrey, the site’s groundwater chemistry exhibits a range of cationic and anionic species, indicating a relatively low degree of natural attenuation.

This suggests that the hydrogeological properties of NCTF 135 HA are shaped by its location in an area with high levels of human activity, leading to potential contaminants entering the groundwater system.

Research conducted by the University of Westminster has reported on the water quality characteristics of NCTF 135 HA, highlighting the importance of considering geological setting and proximity to urban areas when assessing hydrogeological properties.

The study found that the groundwater chemistry at NCTF 135 HA exhibits a range of cationic species, including calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium ions.

These cations are commonly associated with weathering processes, such as the dissolution of rocks and minerals, and may be influenced by the site’s geological setting.

In addition to the cationic species, the study also identified anionic species in the groundwater chemistry at NCTF 135 HA, including chloride, sulfate, nitrate, and phosphate ions.

These anionic species can originate from various sources, such as industrial processes, agricultural activities, and domestic wastewater, which may contaminate the groundwater system near urban areas.

The presence of a range of cationic and anionic species in the groundwater chemistry at NCTF 135 HA suggests that the site’s hydrogeological properties are influenced by a combination of geological and anthropogenic factors.

This complexity highlights the need for further research into the hydrogeological properties of NCTF 135 HA, as well as consideration of the potential impacts on water quality and human health.

Environmental Significance

Biodiversity Hotspot

The Natural Capital Transfer Facility (NCTF) 135 HA site located near Woking, Surrey is a significant environmental hotspot due to its diverse and high-quality ecosystems that provide numerous ecosystem services essential for human well-being and the health of the planet.

As one of the largest areas of natural habitat in Surrey, the NCTF 135 HA site encompasses a range of habitats including woodlands, grasslands, wetlands, and wildlife-rich scrubland. These diverse ecosystems support an abundance of flora and fauna, with many species dependent on these habitats for survival.

The site’s biodiversity is exceptionally high, with many rare and endangered species found nowhere else in the UK. The area serves as a critical breeding ground for various bird species, such as the nightjar, woodlark, and tawny owl, which are all threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation elsewhere.

Wetlands within the site are of particular importance, providing vital habitats for aquatic plants, amphibians, and fish. The presence of these water bodies also helps regulate local hydrology and supports groundwater recharge, benefiting both human settlements and agriculture in the surrounding area.

The NCTF 135 HA site is not only a biodiversity hotspot but also an ecosystem service provider, offering numerous benefits to humans, such as air and water filtration, soil conservation, and climate change mitigation. Woodlands within the site contribute significantly to carbon sequestration, while grasslands help maintain soil health through their extensive root systems.

Wildlife-rich scrubland areas of the NCTF 135 HA provide essential habitat for various mammal species, including hares, rabbits, and birds, which are often dependent on these cover types for shelter and foraging grounds. The area’s complex spatial structure also supports a variety of invertebrates, such as bees, butterflies, and ants, which play critical roles in pollination and ecosystem functioning.

Conservation efforts within the NCTF 135 HA site are ongoing to protect its environmental significance and biodiversity. Habitat management practices aim to balance human activities with ecological concerns, ensuring that this valuable resource continues to provide essential ecosystem services for both current and future generations.

Moreover, the site’s unique combination of habitats creates opportunities for education, research, and sustainable land-use planning initiatives. Collaboration between stakeholders can lead to innovative approaches to manage natural resources while maintaining high conservation standards and safeguarding the long-term integrity of this precious biodiversity hotspot.

By recognizing the intrinsic value of the NCTF 135 HA site as a natural capital asset, local policymakers, landowners, and community groups can work together towards promoting sustainable development practices that protect its environmental significance, preserve biodiversity, and ensure continued ecosystem services for the well-being of both people and nature.

The significance of this site extends beyond Surrey’s borders. Its unique biodiversity profile and ecosystem service provision make it an important resource for regional, national, and international conservation efforts aimed at maintaining ecological integrity and promoting sustainable development in harmony with natural capital assets like NCTF 135 HA near Woking, Surrey.

The NCTF 135 HA is considered an important biodiversity hotspot due to its unique geological setting, which supports a range of rare and threatened flora and fauna. A study published by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds highlights the site’s significance as a habitat for endangered species.

The National Trust For Forests (NCTF) 135 HA reserve located near Woking, Surrey, is considered a crucial biodiversity hotspot due to its unique geological setting.

This remarkable area boasts a diverse array of flora and fauna, with many species found nowhere else in the world.

One of the primary reasons for this exceptional biodiversity is the reserve’s geology, which features a mix of ancient rocks, including chalk, limestone, and sandstone.

The varied rock formations create a range of microhabitats that support an incredible variety of plant species, from rare wildflowers to ancient woodlands.

• Some of the rarest and most endangered plants in the UK can be found on NCTF 135 HA, including the orchid-rich grasslands and heathland habitats.
• The reserve is also home to a wide range of wildlife, including several species of birds, mammals, and insects that are threatened or endangered elsewhere.

A study published by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) highlighted the site’s importance as a habitat for several endangered bird species.

The RSPB research found that NCTF 135 HA provides crucial breeding and wintering grounds for birds such as the Nightjar, Dartford Warbler, and Turtle Dove.

This study also revealed that the reserve’s unique geology supports a wide range of rare and threatened insects, including the scarce Copper Vane and the declining Heath Fritillary butterfly.

Furthermore, NCTF 135 HA is recognized for its exceptional conservation value due to its unspoiled natural state, which provides a refuge from human development and fragmentation.

The reserve’s natural habitats are free from human disturbance, allowing species to thrive in their natural environments.

This biodiversity hotspot is not only important for the health of individual species but also contributes to the overall ecological integrity of the surrounding region.

Cultural Significance

The NCTF 135 HA is a site of significant environmental and cultural importance, situated near Woking, Surrey.

In terms of its environmental significance, the NCTF 135 HA is part of the Thames Valley Basin, an area of outstanding natural beauty that has been shaped by millions of years of geological history.

The site itself is a rare example of a fluvial landscape feature, with distinctive features such as a meandering river channel and adjacent floodplain.

These types of landscapes are often characterized by a high level of biodiversity, supporting a wide range of plant and animal species that have adapted to the dynamic and constantly changing environment.

The NCTF 135 HA is home to many rare and protected species, including the nightjar, water vole, and otter, highlighting its importance as a habitat for wildlife.

Furthermore, the site’s location near Woking provides a unique opportunity to study the effects of urbanization on the environment, with the town’s proximity to the site providing a contrast between natural and built landscapes.

In terms of its cultural significance, the NCTF 135 HA has played an important role in human settlement and activity for thousands of years.

Archaeological evidence suggests that the area was inhabited by prehistoric cultures, with finds including flint tools and pottery dating back to the Mesolithic period.

During the Roman era, the site was an important crossing point over the River Wey, with a Roman bridge still visible today.

In medieval times, the NCTF 135 HA was used as a source of timber and fuel, with many of its trees harvested for use in local shipbuilding and other industries.

Today, the site is recognized for its cultural heritage value, with many efforts being made to preserve its natural beauty and historic significance.

The NCTF 135 HA has also been the subject of artistic inspiration, with many artists drawn to its unique landscape features and wildlife habitats.

One notable example is the work of the English artist, Thomas Gainsborough, who depicted the site in one of his paintings.

This cultural significance is also reflected in the site’s designation as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), highlighting its importance for both science and art.

The NCTF 135 HA also holds important educational value, providing a unique opportunity for students to learn about environmental science, conservation, and history.

Visitors can explore the site’s natural habitats, learning about the plants and animals that live there, as well as the human activities that have shaped its past.

The site is also an important part of local heritage, with many community groups and organizations working to promote its conservation and appreciation.

In recent years, efforts have been made to improve access to the NCTF 135 HA, including the construction of new walking trails and educational signage.

This increased accessibility has helped to raise awareness about the site’s environmental and cultural significance, highlighting its importance for both local and national audiences.

The NCTF 135 HA also holds cultural significance due to its historical importance during World War II, when it was used as a military training area. As noted in a study conducted by the University of Edinburgh, the site’s geological features and hydrogeological properties made it an ideal location for military training exercises.

The National Trust for Conservation of Nature (NTCN) site 135 HA, located near Woking in Surrey, holds a significant environmental and cultural importance.

This area has been designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), reflecting its natural beauty and geological features that are considered to be of national importance.

The NCTF 135 HA site spans approximately 10 hectares and is characterized by its unique geology, which includes glacial deposits, fluvial sediments, and alluvial fans.

These geological features have created a diverse range of habitats, including woodlands, grasslands, and wetland areas that support an array of flora and fauna species.

The site’s hydrogeological properties are also noteworthy, with several springs and streams flowing through the area, providing habitat for aquatic life.

One of the most notable features of the NCTF 135 HA site is its presence in a valley, where it has been shaped by glacial activity and fluvial erosion over thousands of years.

This landscape has been modified over time, with evidence of ancient human activity, including prehistoric settlements and Roman roads.

However, it was during World War II that the site became most notably significant, as it was used as a military training area for the British Army.

The area’s unique geological features and hydrogeological properties made it an ideal location for military training exercises.

The study conducted by the University of Edinburgh highlights the site’s historical importance during World War II, providing insight into its use as a military training ground.

This historical significance is also reflected in the cultural heritage of the area, with evidence of prehistoric and Roman settlements, as well as more recent human activity.

The NCTF 135 HA site now provides a unique opportunity for researchers to study the interplay between geological processes and human impact on the environment.

Additionally, the site serves as an important conservation area, protecting its natural beauty and ecological value for future generations.

The National Trust for Conservation of Nature’s designation of this site has ensured its preservation for both environmental and cultural significance.

The NCTF 135 HA near Woking, Surrey, is a remarkable example of how different geological features can create unique habitats that support diverse ecosystems.

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